Autism, Yeast Candida Infections and Associated Illness’s

With 70% of all antibiotics produced used in “ animal welfare” there should be evidence to support the hypothesis that gut flora [that drives immunity] in animals has been downgraded by antibiotics .Is there any evidence ?

If we recall from the Normal Gut Flora section professor Mark Woolhouse, Chair of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at Edinburgh University. Who maintains humans risk being overrun by diseases from the animal world, according to researchers who have documented 38 illnesses that have made that jump over the past 25 years.

Each year for the last 25 years, one or two new pathogens and multiple variations of existing threats have infected humans for the first time. Without speculating about earlier infection rates, Woolhouse told reporters it appears impossible the human species could endured such a rapid pace of new infections over thousands of years "Humans have always been attacked by novel pathogens. This process has been going on for millennia. But it does seem to be happening very fast in these modern times.

***Prof Woolhouse argues that both many of those diseases and other afflictions will not persist in humans or that there is something peculiar today allowing so many of them to take root in humans.***

The bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which has long been known to cause gut infections in cattle and sheep, has been linked to bowel diseases in humans. Researchers at St George's Hospital Medical School in London have found that in patients with Crohn's disease, at least nine out of ten have the bacterium, and in patients without the disease, less than three out of ten have the bug. This suggests that the bacterium plays a role in the spread of the disease. Also, a small number of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were all found to have Map. Links between Map and human bowel disease have been examined for years, but this is by far the strongest association found. Crohn's disease affects about one in 600 people and one in ten suffer from IBS. (BBC News Online, Guardian

Map of zoonotic pathogens from wildlife, shown from lowest occurence (green) to highest (red)

Altered Gut Flora in Obesity...Antibiotics promote growth in animals ..they make us fat too

Congress is about to pass [July 2009] proposed legislation that would strongly regulate what has become al-most indiscriminate use of antibiotics in healthy chickens, pigs and cattle not to fight disease, but to promote the animals’ growth. ..The point is no-one really knows why antibiotics promote growth. At least four mechanisms have been suggested as explanations for antibiotic mediated growth enhancement (Gaskins zine (Webb and Fontenot, 1975; De Liguoro et al., 2003; et al., 2002): (i) inhibition of subclinical infections, (ii) reduction in growth-depressing microbial metabolites (iii) reduction in microbial use of nutrients, and (iv) enhanced uptake of nutrients through the thinner intestinal wall of antibiotic-fed animals.

The explanation could be that antibiotics destroy symbiotic bacteria allowing inappropriate pathogenic microbes to flourish.

The popular view of “calories in = weight on” is not very plausible. This is demonstrated by thin people who eat a calorie rich diet and remain thin and conversely grossly fat people who eat a normal diet and still gain weight. It’s clear that symbiotic commensal gut flora is pivotal in how food is metabolised. Its now established that the current human obesity “epidemic” is now caused by inappropriate pathogenic gut flora [gut dysbiosis] this also explains why lost weight from dieting piles back on when a normal diet is resumed .

The obesity Bug

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16722504.200-the-obesity-bug.html

Insights into the Roles of Gut Microbes in Obesity

Obesity is a major public health issue as it enhances the risk of suffering several chronic diseases of increasing prevalence. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, associated with a chronic low-grade inflammation. Gut microbes are considered to contribute to body weight regulation and related disorders by influencing metabolic and immune host functions. The gut microbiota as a whole improves the host's ability to extract and store energy from the diet leading to body weight gain, while specific commensal microbes seem to exert beneficial effects on bile salt, lipoprotein, and cholesterol metabolism. The gut microbiota and some probiotics also regulate immune functions, protecting the host form infections and chronic inflammation. In contrast, dysbiosis and endotoxaemia may be inflammatory factors responsible for developing insulin resistance and body weight gain. In the light of the link between the gut microbiota, metabolism, and immunity, the use of dietary strategies to modulate microbiota composition is likely to be effective in controlling metabolic disorders. Although so far only a few preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated the effects of specific gut microbes and prebiotics on biological markers of these disorders, the findings indicate that advances in this field could be of value in the struggle against obesity and its associated-metabolic disorders.

Yolanda Sanz,* Arlette Santacruz, and Giada De Palma Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2008; 2008: 829101.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2648620/?tool=pmcentrez&repo...

"Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity"

. Nature 444(7122): 1022–3. doi:10.1038/4441022a10.1038/4441022a (inactive 2009-07-19) ^ Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI (December 2006). PMID 17183309.

"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest".

Nature 444 December 2006). PMID 17183312.

"Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice".

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (January 2007). PMID 17210919. PMC 1764762.

"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage"

. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (November 2004). PMID 15505215. PMC 524219.

A recent post to Dr Mercola’s site….Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in healthy chickens, pigs and cattle are used not to fight disease, but to promote the animals’ growth. ..The point is no-one really knows why antibiotics promote growth. At least four mechanisms have been suggested as explanations for antibiotic mediated growth enhancement (Gaskins zine (Webb and Fontenot, 1975; De Liguoro et al., 2003; et al., 2002):

(i) inhibition of sub-clinical infections, (ii) (ii) reduction in growth-depressing microbial metabolites (iii) (iii) reduction in microbial use of nutrients, and (iv) (iv) enhanced uptake of nutrients through the thinner intestinal wall of antibiotic-fed animals.

Now bear that in mind and now consider our commensal gut flora’s role in keeping us healthy and enabling us to maintain a normal weight [see normal flora,] We now know that obesity is caused by a gut bug… inappropriate gut flora. Is it too much of a leap of faith to conclude that antibiotics destroy our symbiotic bacteria allowing pathogenic microbes to flourish , in short antibiotics are responsible for fat animals and the obesity crisis in people. It’s no coincidence that Australia has no problem with the honey bee colony collapse disorder. The policy there of not using antibiotics as a growth promoter has almost certainly saved their bee population.

"This article published this week is extremely timely given the escalating interest in the influence of the gut microbiota in many aspects of health ranging from Irritable Bowel Disease, sepsis and obesity to autism,

We're basically living in symbiosis with these microbes .. Professor Jeroen Raes

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8547454.stm

Is Mad Cow disease [bovine spongiform encephalopathy] essentially the same disease with the same cause as autism?

We are led to believe that “prions” an acronym for gene-less miss-folded proteins are the infectious agent in mad cow disease [Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ] how can this be so it’s an obvious contradiction .

Dr Lawrence Broxmeyer, links Transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (TSE’s), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called BSE or “mad cow disease”), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and scrapie in sheep with a mycoplasma bacterial infection

Summary Transmissible spongioform enchephalopathies (TSE’s), include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also called BSE or “mad cow disease”), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, and scrapie in sheep. They remain a mystery, their cause hotly debated. But between 1994 and 1996, 12 people in England came down with CJD, the human form of mad cow, and all had eaten beef from suspect cows. Current mad cow diagnosis lies solely in the detection of late appearing “prions”, an acronym for hypothesized, gene-less, misfolded proteins, somehow claimed to cause the disease. Yet laboratory preparations of prions contain other things, which could include unidentified bacteria or viruses. Furthermore, the rigors of prion purification alone, might, in and of themselves, have killed the causative virus or bacteria. Therefore, even if samples appear to infect animals, it is impossible to prove that prions are causative. Manuelidis found viral-like particles, which even when separated from prions, were responsible for spongiform STE’s. Subsequently, Lasmezas’s study showed that 55% of mice injected with cattle BSE, and who came down with disease, had no detectable prions. Still, incredibly, prions, are held as existing TSE dogma and Heino Dringer, who did pioneer work on their nature, candidly predicts “it will turn out that the prion concept is wrong.” Many animals that die of spongiform TSE’s never show evidence of misfolded proteins, and Dr. Frank Bastian, of Tulane, an authority, thinks the disorder is caused by the bacterial DNA he found in this group of diseases. Recently, Roels and Walravens isolated Mycobacterium bovis it from the brain of a cow with the clinical and histopathological signs of mad cow. Moreover, epidemiologic maps of the origins and peak incidence of BSE in the UK, suggestively match those of England’s areas of highest bovine tuberculosis, the Southwest, where Britain’s mad cow epidemic began. The neurotaxic potential for cow tuberculosis was shown in pre-1960 England, where one quarter of all tuberculous meningitis victims suffered from Mycobacterium bovis infection. And Harley’s study showed pathology identical to “mad cow” from systemic M. bovis in cattle, causing a tuberculous spongiform encephalitis. In addition to M. bovis, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (fowl tuberculosis) causes Johne’s disease, a problem known and neglected in cattle and sheep for almost a century, and rapidly emerging as the disease of the new millennium. Not only has M. paratuberculosis been found in human Crohn’s disease, but both Crohn’s and Johne’s both cross-react with the antigens of cattle paratuberculosis. Furthermore, central neurologic manifestations of Crohn’s disease are not unknown. There is no known disease which better fits into what is occurring in Mad Cow and the spongiform enchephalopathies than bovine tuberculosis and its blood–brain barrier penetrating, virus-like, cell-wall-deficient forms. It is for these reasons that future research needs to be aimed in this direction

Red full article here

http://drbroxmeyer.netfirms.com/MadCow.pdf

DR. ANDREW MANIOTIS, PhD who is Assistant Research Professor Program Director Cell and Development Biology of Cancer, Departments of Pathology and Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago , has this to say on the origins of the prion hypothesis ,the condition “Kuru” A supposedly incurable degenerative neurological disorder (brain disease) in natives of New Guinea that is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in humans. The mode of transmittion was by eating the brains of affected people.. cannibalism

It is well known that the originator of the prion hypothesis, a Nobelist, my early role model as a anthropologist-scientistphysician, and a program head at the NIH, D. Carlton Gajdusek, plead guilty of child sexual abuse a few years ago, because he was caught importing and sexually abusing those young boys and men from Papua New Guinea to his home in Maryland. His "animal model" to prove his hypothesis consisted of placing a 10% brain homogenate from diseased persons into the craniums of primates, and a few of them became ill probably due to the foreign protein antigens placed directly into the brains of these animals. During the 1980's Laura Manuelidis of Yale vociferously contested Gajdusek's hypothesis and attributed the illness in the animals to foreign protein reactions, especially because there was no evidence that prions contained any nucleic acid template. Others attributed the syndrome to genetic inheritance because the syndrome appeared to run in families in England and elsewhere where they didn't eat the brains of their dead relatives, or smear blood over their cuts, as did the New Guinea tribesman, or their children, that Gajdusek became so enamored of. But instead of his Nobel Prize-winning prion hypothesis being questioned or challenged, or instead of the reservations of Laura Manuelidis being tested and explored by others, whole herds of cattle have been destroyed based on a molecular signature that may or may have nothing to do with the development of spongiform encephalopathy, a brain syndrome characterized by a lack of inflammation, and another Nobel was given out to Stanley Prusiner for discovering the molecular signature(s) of prions in healthy and a few sick hamsters, and for proposing a new twist on the prion hypothesis. But critics of these "emerging infectious diseases" and "global health threats" aren't rewarded with Nobel prizes or even a tolerant audience

http://aras.ab.ca/articles/scientific/20071007-Maniotis-Lambros.pdf

Badgers and the spread of bovine TB

As government vets warn of a TB epidemic in cattle, many farmers blame badgers for carrying the disease. but there is evidence that organic cattle in countries where TB is endemic appear to have a high resistance towards the disease… It is highly plausible that badgers become infected from infected cattle, because badgers use their noses to flip over infected cowpats to get to the earthworms which live underneath; or because they eat earthworms which get infected by passing through the cow pats. The argument that cattle infect badgers with bTB is made more plausible because modern high-tech tests have shown that on some individual farms in the South-West of England the a single highly-particular strain of bTB infects both badgers and cattle on the same farm.

Mineral Solution to Bovine TB

http://www.sopa.org.uk/news_sopa.php?id=33

Who killed the honey bees

Well , we have and are… Bees are dying in their millions. It is an ecological crisis that threatens to bring global agriculture to a standstill. We shouldn’t be surprised to find that THE BEES IMMUNITY IS EMPOWED BY GUT FLORA THE SAME AS HUMANS AND ALL ANIMALS…and as such very sensitive to disruption by antibiotics

At the current rate of decline in bee numbers it’s been calculated that by 2035 bees will be totally absent from North America. We can be certain that chaos will ensue long before that. We have very little time to act. Considering the debacle in getting Helicobacter Pylori accepted as the cause of stomach ulcers. It took more than a decade despite very good evidence that made the case very apparent it’s not going to be easy The future is very uncertain. I need public support to present a case to government[s] to fund research. Please use the contact form to register your e-mail address if your concerned enough to be part of an action group. ..Thank you ..Paul Jaep

http://www.apimondia.org/apiacta/articles/2003/glinski_1.pdf

The bee population along with many other insects have suffered a catastrophic decline in numbers in recent years, downgraded immunity is widely believed to be the major factor. Researchers have dissected bees that have died and they have found that their immune systems have "totally gone to pieces". "It is like they just lost their immune system and anything will kill them".

The few bees left inside the hive were carrying "a tremendous number of pathogens" - virtually every known bee virus could be detected in the insects, she said, and some bees were carrying five or six viruses at a time, as well as fungal infections. Because of this it was assumed that the bees' immune systems were being suppressed in some way. - The Independent “

On examining affected bees it was found that in addition to pathogens they carried a cocktail of pesticides. This fact lead in 1999 to a ban in France to the pesticide Imidacloprid [GAUCHO] although undoubtedly very toxic since the ban honeybee colonies are still being lost. The latest research concludes that pesticides are only partially to blame there must be other environmental factors On the pesticide question its interesting that Australia has escaped “Bee colony collapse disorder” Australia actually exports healthy bees mainly to the USA.

So what factors are at work that keeps their bees healthy? Well Australia has a very different policy regarding antibiotics for animal use to the US and Europe…. Australia has adopted a solution to the drug resistance problem. That solution is to prohibit the use of certain antibiotics, called fluoroquinolones in food animals such as poultry. This policy has put Australia in a relatively unique position, as its animal and food production levels are comparable to those of other industrialized nations, but it has avoided using the antibiotics that have been standard in the other countries food animal production. That policy will have almost certainly saved Australian bees from the scourge of “colony collapse disorder”.

Ciprofloxacin (cipro) is a fluoroquinolone it’s a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in human and veterinary medicine the residue in animal and human waste is readily transported into the environment via animal manure and domestic wastewaters and through direct runoff. Fluoroquinolones bind strongly to topsoil.. The strong binding of Fluoroquinolones to soil and sediments delays their biodegradation,It lingers in the environment .

This must be a factor along with other antibiotics in the decline in numbers and diversity of fish in rivers both her in the uk and in America.. In fact antibiotics in the environment as in yeast infection with us is in all probability responsible for the current mysterious fungal infections that birds ,frogs and bats are affected with in many parts of the world….just one last fact on this ..as an experiment hives of healthy bees were placed in woodland and agricultural land ..the bees in the forest environment remained healthy whilst the bees on farmland became sick and died

Antibiotics and farmed fish

Salmon farmers increasingly rely on antibiotics and biocides to control frequent outbursts of diseases and parasites in their pens. Many thousands of kilograms of antibiotics were used on BC salmon farms and the number is increasing. Escaped fish caught in a Broughton Archipelago stream carried bacteria known to cause a range of human maladies that were resistant to 10 different antibiotics. (Paone, Sergio: Farmed and Dangerous, CAAR)

So how do antibiotics contaminate insects, bees in particular

From plants that take up antibiotics from Soil Fertilized with Animal Manure . Bees eat nectar (sugary water) and pollen (yellow protein powder) which are made by flowers. [Wasps eat mainly live prey] Antibiotics fed to animals are poorly absorbed in the animal gut and as a result a substantial amount of these are excreted in urine and faeces, which in turn end up in manure As much as 90% of some antibiotics may be excreted as the parent compound (Phillips et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2005). In 1997, the USDA estimated a livestock population of more than 8 billion animals (more than 95% being chickens and turkeys) producing up to 1.32 billion Mg of manure in the United States (USDA, 1997). These numbers would suggest that the presence and persistence of antibiotics in this large quantity of manure presents a significant environmental problem, both in terms of toxicity of these antibiotics to soil microflora and fauna as well as potentially increasing antibiotic resistance in the environment. Baguer et al. (2000) claim that land application of antibiotic-laced manure appears to be the dominating pathway for the release of antibiotics in the terrestrial environment.

Very little amounts of antibiotic would have catastrophic effects on insects gut flora. The declining number in animals /birds higher up the food chain could be explained with this mechanism. Is the current mysterious fungal infections birds ,frogs and bats are affected with in many parts of the world evidence of this?

http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/6/2082.pdf

If we look at the map on the transfer of zoonotic pathogens to humans we see that India is a hot spot. There's plenty of evidence to inplicate antibiotics as the cause.

India has become one of the world's leading exporters of pharmaceuticals, and the U.S. — which spent $1.4 billion on Indian-made drugs in 2007 — is its largest customer. [in the USA] The medicines are excreted without being fully metabolized by people who take them, while hospitals and long-term care facilities annually flush millions of pounds of unused pills down the drain.

PATANCHERU, India – When researchers analyzed vials of treated wastewater taken from a plant where about 90 Indian drug factories dump their residues, they were shocked. Enough of a single, powerful antibiotic was being spewed into one stream each day to treat every person in a city of 90,000. And it wasn't just ciprofloxacin being detected. The supposedly cleaned water was a floating medicine cabinet — a soup of 21 different active pharmaceutical ingredients, used in generics for treatment of hypertension, heart disease, chronic liver ailments, depression, gonorrhea, ulcers and other ailments. Half of the drugs measured at the highest levels of pharmaceuticals ever detected in the environment, researchers say.

At first, Joakim Larsson, an environmental scientist at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, questioned whether 100 pounds a day of ciprofloxacin could really be running into the stream. The researcher was so baffled by the unprecedented results he sent the samples to a second lab for independent analysis.

When those reports came back with similarly record-high levels, Larsson knew he was looking at a potentially serious situation. After all, some villagers fish in the stream's tributaries, while others drink from wells nearby. Livestock also depend on these watering holes. . Read full article here

Worryingly, gene transfer from micro-organisms in the gut is a factor in animals developing Antibiotic resistance, it is also a factor in conferring immune suppression capability to invading pathogenic microbes .

http://www.biosicherheit.de/pdf/aktuell/fsa_studie3.pdf

Just a last word on Experiments indicate that biologically active DNA from GM plants can survive in the oral cavity for long enough to transfer to microbes. The implications are frightening

http://jeq.scijournals.org/cgi/reprint/34/6/2082.pdf